Company Name
Employee Names
Team Lead
Module Name	Operating Systems and Resource Management
Certification Test	A+	Vendor	Comptia
Objectives covered
Time allotted	8 Days	Time Taken
Date Started	10/5	Date Completed		10/15

Portfolio Contents

Item	Complete	Incomplete	Points Awarded
Lab reports for all labs (List labs)
Lab 2-1 Assigned Hardware Resources
Lab 2-2 Using Microsoft Technet
Lab 2-3 Windows 98 and XP System Files
Lab 2-4 CMOS Manipulation
Lab 2-5 Hardware Resource Manipulation
Lab 2-6 DOS Games
Lab 2-7 Protecting Hardware and Software
Lab 2-8 Windows Update
Lab 2-9 Windows 98 System File Checker Tool
Lab 2-10 Creating Batch Files
Hardware/Lab Test Score for Each Member (attach sheet)	Score
Completed solution to problem portfolio
: Customer Overview
: Jargon
: Identify Customer Needs (list both current and future)
: Identify Possible Solutions
: Define terminology used (jargon, technical terms)
: Solution to Problem
: Spreadsheet
: Diagram of solution

A+ Computer Technician
Mod Two

Operating Systems and Resources

Sno Isle Skill Center

Tory Klementsen, MCP A+

In this unit you will learn

• What happens between hardware and software when you first turn on a computer.

• How hardware interacts with the system.

• How software supports hardware.

• Practical and easy ways to protect your computer.*

Hardware and Software Interaction: An Overview

• Software

– __________________________ of the computer

• Determines what __________________________ is present

• Decides how hardware is __________________________ and used

• Uses hardware to perform __________________________

– Consists of __________________________ that instruct computers to perform specific tasks*

Categories of PC Software

• BIOS (__________________________ /__________________________ ) and device drivers

• Operating system (OS)

• __________________________ software

– __________________________ Software

– Games

– __________________________ Software*

Operating System (OS)

• Software that controls a computer

– Manages __________________________

– Runs applications

– Provides user __________________________

– __________________________ , __________________________ , and __________________________ files

• Communicates with hardware using system resources; uses BIOS or device drivers for interface to system resources

– Windows

– Linux

– MacOS

– OS/2*

Operating System (OS)

• Works with system BIOS and __________________________ __________________________ to provide instructions to hardware to perform tasks

• Acts as a liaison between the user and the __________________________ through the use of drivers

• Provides user interface

– __________________________

– __________________________ line

– __________________________ *

BIOS

• Without the BIOS nothing would work on your PC.

• Four jobs:

– Tests the computer’s __________________________ through the POST

– Assigns __________________________ to the __________________________ hardware on the motherboard

– Boots to an __________________________ from a hard disk, CDROM, floppy, or allows a PXE network card to find an OS

– Provides access to some of the computer’s components that are standard, such as the keyboard, so they react in the same way regardless of the OS. (Linux does not do this.)

• BIOS can be updated by __________________________ it. A BIOS may need to be flashed if:

– There are __________________________ in the original BIOS

– A new __________________________ comes out that has features not contained in the original BIOS

– A piece of __________________________ doesn’t interact correctly with the BIOS

BIOS

• Find the BIOS flash program/and new BIOS at the __________________________ site.

• The BIOS may soon be replaced by an __________________________ __________________________ Interface (EFI)

– A mini OS that allows various tasks to be run before the regular OS executes

• The OS has taken over many of the tasks that the BIOS used to do. In fact, in Mac OSX, all of the BIOS tasks are handled by the OS.

BIOS and Device Drivers

• Categories of BIOS (firmware) programs

– __________________________ BIOS

– __________________________ BIOS

– __________________________ setup

• Device drivers

– Small __________________________ stored on hard drive that tell computer how to communicate with an input/output device

– Necessary for communication between OS and more complex devices

– Some are built into the OS (__________________________ , basic mouse)*

DIP Switches and Jumpers

• DIP switches were used to set IRQs and other settings now done in BIOS with PnP

• Jumpers do the same.

• On is _____, off is_____on

• In a jumper a __________________________ is closed (1) or open (0)*

System Resources

• When a piece of hardware is installed, it is assigned specific system __________________________

• It allows the device to __________________________ with the OS and with software

– __________________________ addresses

– __________________________ addresses

– __________________________ request numbers (IRQs)

– Direct __________________________ access (DMA) channels

• All four types depend on certain lines on a bus on the motherboard*

First part of Chapter Review

• This is the intelligence of the Computer.

• What are the three things software does for your computer?

• What are the three kinds of software?

• This manages hardware, runs applications, and provides a way for the user to talk to the computer.

• What are the three categories of BIOS present in a computer?

• I must install one of these with each piece of hardware.

Let’s look at a PCI Slot

• PCI= __________________________ __________________________ Interconnect

• Local system BUS standard that was introduced by __________________________ , but is used with all processors now.

• First appeared in 1993 and has been standard for the last 10 years.

• Supports 32- and 64-bit data.

• Runs at speeds of 33MHz and 66MHz

• Supports __________________________ mastering

– Allows a PCI card to talk to other PCI cards without bugging the CPU

• Totally PnP

• Comparing 8 bit to 16 bit

– Which would have more capabilities?

– Which would be faster?

– Which might be more prone to errors?

• Even though this is old technology, it still demonstrates that each pin has a specific job.

• Each pin uses a bus to communicate. The communication works because of IRQs, I/O Addresses, and Memory addresses (and sometimes DMAs).

System Resources

• IRQ—A line that allows a device to signal the CPU that it needs __________________________ .

– Some lines have higher __________________________

– Each line has a number __________________________ assigned to it

• I/O Addresses—numbers assigned to hardware devices that software uses to talk to it. Each device “__________________________ ” on those numbers and responds when it gets a message.

• Some devices use __________________________ —joysticks, for example.*

• Memory __________________________ —Numbers assigned to physical memory either in RAM or ROM.

• DMA channel—A channel assigned to some hardware allowing it to communicate directly with __________________________ without bugging the CPU.*

Why IRQs

• Preconfigured assignments make it easier to configure devices and avoid conflicts with other devices

– COM1 and COM2 (for serial devices such as modems)

– LPT1 and LPT2 (for parallel devices such as printers)

– Things that need a higher __________________________ can get CPU time before things with lower priority.*

IRQs on a 16 bit system

Task

• IRQ Assignments in a 32-bit system

• Each person take one

• You have TEN minutes to find them!

IRQ	General Assignment	IRQ	General Assignment
0		8
1		9
2		10
3		11
4		12
5		13
6		14
7		15

IRQ Sharing

• Because there are only 15 physical IRQs, new Operating Systems use IRQ __________________________

• PCI Cards use IRQ sharing through IRQ __________________________

– More than one __________________________ can share the IRQ

– Can cause some __________________________ , but the OS usually irons it out

• Sharing is not possible with __________________________ devices

• That’s why you have higher IRQ numbers than the actual number of lines!*

Memory Addresses

• __________________________ numbers, assigned to RAM and ROM so that the CPU can access both

• It works like a seat in a theater. Each device is assigned a specific place to put it’s “stuff” in RAM or ROM

• Older 16-bit drivers required __________________________ addresses, but the new ones will take what’s given them.*

How Memory Addresses
Are Assigned

• CPU has fixed number of memory addresses, determined by CPU and __________________________ it is using

• They can be assigned to any type of __________________________ memory in the system that needs to be addressed by the CPU

• Once addresses have been assigned (usually during __________________________ process), CPU sees physical memory as a single list that can be accessed using memory __________________________ *

Shadowing ROM

• Process of __________________________ programs from ROM to RAM for execution

• The first memory __________________________ will be taken by the ROM

• This way the computer doesn’t have to access the ROM chip, it can find all it needs in RAM.

• This is why if you make ROM changes, you have to __________________________ .*

I/O Addresses

• Numbers the CPU can use to access __________________________ devices, in same way it uses memory addresses to access physical memory

• Also called __________________________ addresses or __________________________ *

How it works:

Common Assignments for I/O Addresses

DMA Channels

• Provide __________________________ for a device to send data directly to memory; bypasses CPU

• A chip on the motherboard contains DMA logic and manages the process

• Each channel requires __________________________ lines to manage it

– One for DMA __________________________ to request clearance from CPU

– One used by CPU to __________________________ that DMA controller is free to send data over data lines without interference from CPU

• If more than one device wants to use the same channel, there is a DMA conflict.*

Tools for Examining Your System

• __________________________ Manager

– Properties of “My Computer”, click hardware, click device manager

• __________________________ __________________________

– In the run command type __________________________

• Microsoft __________________________ Utility (MSD)

– Used in Windows 9x/ME

– Type MSD.EXE at the command prompt

• Let’s try one! Log into the aa account and open the device manager.

Review

• What four resources are assigned to hardware devices?

• Of those four, which one is only sometimes assigned

• How many IRQs are there on an 8-bit system?

• How did they enable 8 more IRQs on a 16-bit system?

• IRQ ______ is used in 32-bit systems so you don’t run out of IRQs

• Only ____ buses can use IRQ sharing (aka steering)

• How many DMA channels are there?

• What is the purpose of a DMA?

• Which resource allows software to talk to a device and vice versa?

• How many lines of a DMA channel are used?

• Which IRQ is used to enable IRQ sharing?

• Which DMA is not available?

• Which IRQ is not available?

• Why?

• This is the address assigned to a piece of hardware that the CPU uses to talk back

• This is assigned to some devices so they don’t have the bug the CPU when they need to use RAM

• This is the area of RAM a device can use to store stuff.

• Which has a higher priority, IRQ 3 or 9?

• What is ROM shadowing?

Booting up Your Computer

• Refers to the computer bringing itself up to an __________________________ state without user intervention

• Hard boot (__________________________ boot)

– Involves initially turning on __________________________ with on/off switch

– More stressful than soft boot because of initial __________________________ surge through equipment

• Soft boot (__________________________ boot)

– Uses OS to reboot

– Faster than hard boot*

Plug and Play (PnP) Standard

• Makes installing __________________________ devices less complicated

• Rather than having to reset __________________________ switches and jumpers, OS and/or startup BIOS automatically __________________________ hardware devices to reduce or eliminate conflicting requests for system resources

• Applies to OS, __________________________ on the motherboard, and BIOS on __________________________ *

Functions Performed During the Boot

1. Startup BIOS tests __________________________ hardware components (power-on self test or POST)
2. Setup information is used to __________________________ both hardware and software
3. Hardware components are assigned system __________________________ they will later use for communication
4. Startup BIOS finds the OS, which is __________________________ , configured, and executed
5. Hardware devices are __________________________ up with the BIOS and device drivers that control them
6. Some application __________________________ may be loaded and executed

Startup BIOS Controls the Beginning of the Boot

• Startup BOS is in control for first __________________________ steps and beginning of the fourth, where control is turned over to the OS*

Parts of the Boot Process

• Step 1: __________________________

• Step 2: ROM BIOS startup program searches for and loads an __________________________

• Step 3: OS __________________________ the system and completes its own loading

• Step 4: User __________________________ application software

More Review for You

• What is the boot process?

• Describe the POST

• Step 1

•

• Step 2

•

• Step 3

•

• Step 4

•

• What is the order of the POST?

•

• Why do we care?

What happens when it doesn’t work?

• If the problem is before the OS takes over, the __________________________ will beep at you

– One beep=__________________________

– Many beeps= __________________________

– Look up beeps in the __________________________ manual

• If the problem is with the OS

– __________________________ Repair disks

– Boot __________________________

– __________________________ __________________________ utilities*

Batch Files

• Simple text files that can act as a __________________________ prompt.

• Type in the commands using Notepad and save it with the extension . __________________________

• Can be used for startup scripts, __________________________ scripts, or to play evil tricks on your friends.

• We don’t do the evil tricks thing…will we? __________________________

Common Batch File

• In DOS and Windows 9x/ME the autoexec.bat is a batch file that contains commands that are to be automatically executed on boot.

• Other files

– __________________________ —Contains software that manages files, runs apps, and interfaces with hardware

– __________________________ —Contains more BIOS software related to input/output

– __________________________ —the program in charge after boot. Contains commands that can be executed in DOS and Windows 9x.

• Windows NT, 2000, XP, and Vista are much more complicated!

LAB 2-1 Assigned Hardware Resources

Objective

The objective of this lab is to provide you with experience managing I/O addresses. After completing this lab exercise, you will be able to:

_ List examples of standard I/O address usage.

_ Explain how to determine which I/O addresses are being utilized.

_ Explain how to modify I/O address settings to resolve resource conflicts.

_ Explain the importance of unique I/O addresses.

Materials Required

_ Operating systems: Windows 9x, XP, and Vista

Additional Devices

_ 1 I/O expansion card for each lab workgroup

Lab Setup & Safety Tips

_ During this lab exercise, you will use Device Manager to view the properties of your lab workstation. It is important that you not change the parameters of Device Manager; otherwise, your lab workstation may not function properly. You will get a chance to modify Device Manager parameters in later labs.

ACTIVITY

Recording your lab workstation’s I/O Address settings

1. Start your lab workstation, and allow it to boot into Windows 9x.
2. Click the Start button.
3. Point to Settings.
4. Click Control Panel.
5. Double-click the System icon.
6. Click the Device Manager tab.
7. Click the Properties button.
8. Click Input/output (I/O). Record below.
9. Do the same for IRQ, DMA, and Memory Addresses.
10. Record all of the resources assigned to each of the following devices. Note: Not all devices will have all resources assigned.:

Device	IRQ	DMA	I/O Address Range	Memory Address Range
NIC (Network Interface card)
Sound Card
Keyboard
Printer Port (LPT1)
Direct memory access controller
USB Controller
Serial Port (COM1 or COM2)
Hard Drive
Mouse

11. Close all open windows and dialog boxes.

Viewing the Edit Input/Output Range window using Device Manager

1. Start your lab workstation, and allow it to boot into Windows 9x.
2. Click the Start button.
3. Point to Settings.
4. Click Control Panel.
5. Double-click the System icon.
6. Click the Device Manager tab.
7. Double-click Sound, video, and game controllers.
8. Double-click the installed sound card driver.
9. Click the Resources tab.
10. Deselect Use automatic settings.
11. Double-click Input/Output Range. (Note: Some Input/Output ranges may not be configurable. When they are not configurable, double-clicking produces no effect.)
12. The Edit Input/Output Range window allows I/O address modification.
13. Do not make any changes.
14. Click Cancel three times.
15. Close the Control Panel window.
16. Note: You cannot change device settings in modern versions of Windows.

Managing Devices in Windows XP

1. Right click on my computer and select properties.
2. Click the hardware tab.
3. Click on device manager.
4. Go under the View menu and select “Resources by Type”. What four resources do you see listed?

5. What two or three devices have been assigned DMAs?

Managing Devices in Windows Vista

1. Open the Run command in your Vista VM.
2. Type devmgmt.msc and hit enter. What happens?

3. View “Resources by Connection”.
4. What item has memory addresses 00000000-0009ffff assigned to it?

Review Questions

Circle True or False.

1. An I/O address is an address stored on the hard drive, and is assigned to the operation of one particular device. True / False
2. All LPT ports require one I/O address. True / False
3. The term I/O card is often used to refer to an expansion card which contains a serial, parallel, and game port. True / False
4. Floppy drives do not require an I/O address assignment. True / False
5. Describe why some I/O ranges are not configurable in Device Manager.

6. John has configured the jumpers on his NIC (Network interface card) to use I/O address 300. Using Device Manager, what steps must John complete to confirm that I/O address 300 is properly assigned to the NIC?

2

Lab 2-2 Using Microsoft Technet

Using the Internet for Research

Microsoft offers a knowledge base of information on all its products. Learning to find information in the knowledge base is important to your success as a PC support person in a Windows environment. Go to the Microsoft support site at http://technet.microsoft.com follow these directions, and answer these questions:

1. Heartly is trying to install Windows 7 on a netbook with no optical drive. Yes, this article exists. I verified it on September 30, 2010.
1. List four keywords or phrases you can use to search for this information.

i. __________________________________________________

ii. __________________________________________________

iii. __________________________________________________

iv. __________________________________________________

2. Locate the Technet article and tell me who wrote it?

3. Where was the article published originally?

4. Briefly describe the first four steps to installing on a netbook with no optical drive.

i. ______________________________________________________________

ii. ______________________________________________________________

iii. ______________________________________________________________

iv. ______________________________________________________________

2. A client just bought a 250 GB hard disk. He has Vista installed. When he formats the disk using the Vista Live File System, there is less than 250 GB available. He calls you to ask why. Article verified September 30, 2010
1. Search for information in Technet (aka the Knowledge Base).
2. Where do you find this information?

i. Article ID number: ____________________________

ii. Article name: _________________________________________________

3. What will you tell the customer?

Lab 2-3 Windows 98 and Windows XP System Files

Yes, this is on the certification. It sucks, but you need to know it.

Go online and Google system file descriptions. When I typed Windows 98 system files the second link down had a Microsoft Technet Article.

Windows 98 Files

File Name	Purpose	Where it’s located
IO.SYS
COMMAND.COM
WIN.COM
SYSTEM.DAT
SYSTEM.INI
WIN.INI
EXPLORER.EXE
DETLOG.TXT
MSDOS.SYS

Annoyances.org is a great website for finding solutions to your problems on any Windows OS. The problem with the Knowledge Base is that it only gets updated once Microsoft acknowledges that there is a problem and publishes it into the KB. Annoyances is full of solutions from people around the world.

3. Go to annoyances.org and find out how to get a mouse to work in DOS. What is the URL?

4. Are all the solutions reasonable?

5. Why or why not?

Windows XP Files (Again, I Googled Windows XP system files, first link took me to a resource.)

File Name	Purpose	Where it’s located
BOOT.INI
NTDETECT.COM
NTLDR
PAGEFILE.SYS
NTBOOTDD.SYS
NTOSKRNLE.EXE
NTKRNLPA.EXE
HAL.DLL
WIN32.SYS
NTDLL.DLL
KERNAL32.DLL ADVAPI32.DLL USER32.DLL GDI32.DLL

Which of the above are the essential startup files in Windows XP?

LAB 2-4 CMOS MANIPULATION

Objective

Play with the CMOS.

ACTIVITY

Creating a System Configuration Worksheet

A System Configuration Worksheet is a spreadsheet or other type of document that contains all of your workstation’s CMOS configuration parameters. Use the sections below to develop your own System Configuration Worksheet for your lab workstation.

For each of the following system components, record the information currently saved in your lab workstation’s CMOS. NOTE: Not all things will be in all computers.

CPU

Memory

IDE 1

IDE 2

IDE 3

IDE 4

SCSI

SATA 1

SATA 2

Serial 1

Serial 2

LPT 1

Network card

CACHE

Changing CMOS Values

1. Review the System Configuration Worksheet provided for your computer.
2. Start your PC.
3. Following the instructions provided on your screen, enter the Setup program.
4. Change the DATE for your computer to today’s date, in the year 2010.
5. Change the boot order to boot from floppy. Get a floppy disk from me and put it into your a: drive.
6. Save your changes.
7. Shut down your computer, and allow it to reboot.
8. Observe the changes in the startup sequence. What happens?

9. Why?
10. Enter the Setup program.
11. Reconfigure your hard drive to match the parameters of your System Configuration

1. Worksheet.

12. Activate the Power Management on your PC.
13. Assign the password of SNO123 in all uppercase letters to your CMOS (BIOS).
14. Save your changes.
15. Shut down your computer and allow it to reboot.
16. Observe the changes in the startup sequence. Write down what happens.

When you finish, remove the BIOS password.

Restoring your lab workstation using the System Configuration Worksheet

1. Enter the Setup program.
2. Refer to the System Configuration Worksheet, and reconfigure all CMOS settings to their original configuration.
3. All better? Yes or no?

Review Questions

Circle True or False.

1. A System Configuration Worksheet is used to record your operating system’s configuration. True / False
2. The system time and date are configured using the CMOS SETUP program. True / False
3. It is best practice to always record your CMOS settings before making changes. True /False
4. Describe some of the dangers of flashing a BIOS.

5. You just finished installing 1 GB of RAM into Umair’s computer. You now want to verify that Chicken Little’s computer recognizes all of the RAM. Describe below how you can verify the memory configuration of his computer.

6. Describe how replacing a CMOS battery affects a CMOS password and other configured CMOS parameters.

7. Why does this happen?

Because newer systems do not respond immediately to a dead CMOS battery, we won’t pull the battery to see what happens. If you don’t know, ask someone else or go find the information online. In older systems, if you pulled the battery it would react immediately.

LAB 2-5 Resource Manipulation

Objective

_ List examples of standard IRQ and DMA usage.

_ Explain how to determine which IRQ and DMA channels and addresses are being utilized.

_ Explain how to modify IRQ and DMA address settings to resolve resource conflicts.

ACTIVITY

Recording your lab workstation’s IRQ settings

1. Start your lab workstation, open Windows XP.
2. Click the Start button.
3. Point to Settings.
4. Click Control Panel.
5. Double-click the System icon.
6. Click the Device Manager tab, then click ViewàResources by type as shown in Figure 2-2.
7. Click Interrupt Request

8. Record the device name for each of the following IRQs:

IRQ 00

IRQ 01

IRQ 02

IRQ 03

IRQ 04

IRQ 05

IRQ 06

IRQ 07

IRQ 08

IRQ 09

IRQ 10

IRQ 11

IRQ 12

IRQ 13

IRQ 14

IRQ 15

Recording your lab workstation’s DMA settings

1. Start your lab workstation, and allow it to boot into Windows 9x.
2. Click the Start button.
3. Point to Settings.
4. Click Control Panel.
5. Double-click the System icon.
6. Click the Device Manager tab.
7. Click viewàResource by type.
8. Click the Direct Memory Access (DMA) option button.
9. Record the device name for each of the following DMA channels:

DMA 01

DMA 02

DMA 03

DMA 04

Windows 7

1. Open 7.
2. Right click on My Computer and select manage.
3. You are now in System Tools. Nifty, huh? Select Device Manager.
4. View devices by resources.
5. Click on IRQ
6. Fill out the table below

IRQ

Device

Viewing Device Resources by Device

1. ViewàDevices by type.
2. Find your Network Adapter.
3. Right clickàProperties
4. What resources are assigned to this device?

5. Why does it NOT have DMA assigned?

6. What two things (probably, maybe 3) do have DMAs assigned?

Note: For the A+ Certification you should know:

1. IRQs

2. What I/O addresses are

3. What might be assigned a DMA.

4. What resources can be assigned (all four)

5. What memory addresses are.

6. More than one way to get to device manager. List the two ways you know to get to device manager in Windows XP

Lab 2-6 DOS Games

1. Open virtual PC.
2. Create a new disk. Make it really small (like 2 MB). You’re not creating a new virtual PC, just a new FLOPPY disk (not hard disk). Name it test floppy.
3. Boot into your DOS VM.
4. Capture test floppy.
5. It will probably be the b:\ drive. Move to that drive by type b:\ or try a:\ Write down what the drive letter is:

6. Make a bootable disk using either of the two following DOS commands. If the disk is already formatted, but has no files stored on it, use this command: C:\>SYS A: (or the letter of your drive instead of A). To format the disk and also make it bootable, use this command: C:\>FORMAT ____:/S Your disk should now contain a boot record, the two hidden files, and COMMAND.COM. Compare the bytes available on the disk to a disk that is not bootable. Calculate how many bytes must be in the two hidden files.

7. Test your bootable disk by restarting the virtual machine while you still have test floppy captured. It should boot.

8. At the DOS prompt, enter this prompt command as follows (where the space between P and $ can be used to customize the DOS command prompt): PROMPT $P $G

9. What prompt did you get? By examining the prompt, guess what $P in the command line accomplishes and what $G accomplishes. Test your theory by changing the PROMPT command, leaving first $P and then $G out of the command line. Have some fun. Change the prompt to read “I Rock>”.

10. Using EDIT, create an AUTOEXEC.BAT file on your bootable disk. Create a PROMPT command to include your first name. Test the command by booting from this disk. (Type edit AUTOEXEC.BAT).

11. Without the appropriate PATH command in your active AUTOEXEC.BAT file, you cannot execute software stored on drive C from the A prompt. Test this theory by trying to execute some applications software that you know is stored on your hard drive. For example, if you have WordPerfect on your hard drive, try to execute the software at the A prompt by using the following command:

A:\> WP

What error did you get? Why?

12. Using the information below, do the following:

a. Create a folder in DOS named EAR.

b. Go into that folder.

c. Create a text file using DOS named hair.txt

d. Create another text file using DOS named wax.txt. I know, gross. But hey, it keeps things interesting, right?

e. Using the attrib command, display the attributes for wax.txt

f. Change the attributes for wax.txt to hidden.

g. Change the hair.txt file to read only.

h. Display those attributes and have me check off ______________

i. Use the command to clear the screen AFTER I check you off.

j. Within EAR create a folder named bug.

k. Within bug create a folder named stomach

l. Within stomach create a file name food

m. Go back to EAR so that you can see the folder bug if you type dir.

n. Type tree and show me your tree. ____________

o. Now use the command to delete that tree.

p. Why should you be REALLY careful with DELTREE?

q. Put a floppy into your floppy drive (or work with someone who has a floppy drive). Using the format command, format that floppy.

r. Switch to the a drive (just type a:\ and hit enter). Type DIR. What’s on the disk?

s. Let’s SYS this disk. Go back to your C:\ drive and using the SYS command, create a system disk on A:\.

t. Now go BACK to the A:\ drive and type DIR. What’s on the disk?

u. How did it get there?

v. Is that ALL the files there?

w. Using attrib, unhide the other hidden files. (You might have to look this up!)

Common MS-DOS Commands

Command	Purpose	Switches or example usage
ATTRIB	displays or changes file attributes Syntax: ATTRIB [+R | -R] [+A | -A] [+S | -S] [+H | -H] [[drive:][path]filename] [/S] Attrib +r dog.txt turns the file dog.txt to read only	o +h hides a file (attrib +h chicken.txt) o -h shows a hidden file (attrib –h *.* shows all hidden files) o +r makes a file read only o +s makes a file a system file (hides it even better than hiding) o +a turns on the archive bit (so when a backup is done, the file will be backed up) o Can nest them attrib +r +s makes a file a system file that is read only
CHDIR or CD	displays the name of the current directory or changes the current directory	o Cd.. moves up one directory o Cd chess moves you into chess. Note: the chess directory MUST be in the directory you are currently residing in
CHKDSK	checks the status of a disk and displays a status report; it can also fix disk errors. Use only with DOS and Windows 9x.	o /f checks for errors and fixes them (ex: chkdsk c: /f) o >logfile.txt creates a log of all errors found that can be printed out (rather than just showing on the screen) (ex: chkdsk c: >log.txt) o /v displays all path and filename information for all files on the disk
CLS	clears the screen
COPY	copies one or more files to a destination you specify	C:\ copy fred.txt a:\ C: copy c:\docs\*.* a: copies all docs in that folder to the A drive. C:\windows\copy system.ini system.bak makes a copy of system.ini and names it system.bak
DEBUG	Runs the debug program and editor to view and manipulate the components of a file system on floppy and hard drives, including the FAT, directories, and boot records. You can also use it to view contents of memory and hexadecimal memory addresses.	o Enter the command DEBUG at the command prompt.
DEFRAG	Defragments fragmented files on a hard drive.	o /S:N sorts the files by name on the disk o /S:D sorts the files by date and time on the disk
DELTREE	deletes a directory and all the files and subdirectories that are in it. Be very careful with this command!!	o C:\deltree would delete all of C:\
DIR	displays the files and subdirectories that are in the directory you specify	o Dir /p—list one screen at a time o /w use wide format o *.txt use a wildcard character o Dir myfile.txt checks to see if that file is present
DISKCOPY	copies the entire contents of one floppy disk to another floppy disk. It writes over the existing contents of the destination disk as it copies the new information on it.	o
ECHO	displays or hides the text in batch programs when the program is running.	o
EDIT	starts MS-DOS Editor, a text editor you can use to create and edit ASCII text files.	o Edit a:\autoexec.bat
DEL or ERASE	deletes the files you specify	o Del *.txt deletes all txt files o Del *.* deletes all files o Del tory.* deletes all files that start with Tory
EXIT	quits the MS-DOS command interpreter and returns to the program that started it, if one exists.	o
FASTHELP	displays a list of all MS-DOS 6 commands and gives a short explanation of each.	o
FDISK	Used to prepare hard drives for first use. Creates partitions and logical drives on the hard drives. Displays partition information, and also used to restore a master boot record.	o /mbr restore master boot record o /status shows installed partitions
FIND	searches for a specific string of text in a file or files	o
FORMAT	formats a disk for use with MS-DOS	o /s Stores system files on disk after formatting (io.sys, msdos.sys, and command.com) o /v:volumename allows you to assign a volume name (ex. Format /v:happy) o /q recreates the root directory and FATs if you want to qucily format a previously formatted disk that is in good condition o /F:size specifies size of floppy. (ex. Format f:360 to format it as a 360k floppy) o /u allows an unconditional format which completely erases the drive, not just the FAT o /autotest does not prompt the user before and during the format
HELP	starts MS-DOS Help	o
MKDIR or MD	creates a directory	o Mkdir c:\chicken
MEM	displays the amount of used and free memory on your computer	o
MORE	displays one screen of output at a time	o
MOVE	moves one or more files to the location you specify	o
MSBACKUP	backs up or restores one or more files from one disk onto another	o
MSD	Provides technical information about your computer	o
PRINT	prints a text file while you are using other MS-DOS commands	o
QBASIC	starts MS-DOS Qbasic	o
RD or RMDIR	deletes a directory	o
REN	changes the name of the file or files you specify	o Ren tory.txt mrsk.txt
RMDIR or RD	deletes a directory	o The directory can only be deleted if there are no files in the directory o If the directory contains another directory, that other one must be removed first o Example: c:\chicken\lips o C:\chicken rd lips o Cd.. o C:\ rd chicken
SCANDISK	starts a disk analysis and repair tool that checks a drive for errors and corrects any problems that it finds. Use with NT, 2000, and XP	o /p displays information and fixes errors o /n starts and stops it automatically (you could put it into a batch file and have scandisk run on boot or shutdown using this command)
SCANREG	Scans and restores Windows 98 registry	o /restore restore the registry from a backup o /fix scans and fixes common problems o /backup backs up registry-good if you’re going to make some registry changes and aren’t sure if they’ll work
TREE	graphically displays the structure of a directory
UNDELETE	restores files that were deleted previously by using the DEL command	o Only recovers if you used the DEL command
UNFORMAT	Might be able to reverse the format command…maybe…if you’re lucky. Used if a used disk was formatted by accident.
VER	displays the MS-DOS version number
XCOPY	copies directories , their subdirectories, and files except hidden and system files. Not available on a DOS boot disk unless you add it.	o /c continues copying even if there are errors o /s copies all files and subdirectories o /y overwrites existing files without asking you o /-y turns off overwriting without asking o /h copies hidden and system files

LAB 2-7 Protecting Hardware and Software

Objective

The objective of this lab is to research ways to keep your hardware and software safe.

Ž List common “ailments” of computer operating systems and utilities that can prevent problems.

Ž Identify ways to protect computer data.

Ž Identify ways to protect computer hardware.

Lab Setup & Safety Tips

During this lab you will be installing software to protect your computer from viruses, spyware, and malware. When installing software it is imperative that you make sure you know where you are downloading your utilities from. Some programs can masquerade as utilities but are really Trojans in disguise.

ACTIVITY

Researching Computer Threats

9. Start your lab workstation, and allow it to boot into Windows XP.
10. Go to the following website: http://www.calicutnet.com/yourpc/pc-security/issues/threats-issues.htm (there is a link on the module 2 website). Also check out http://www.spamlaws.com/virus-types.html for different types of viruses. Also look up the definition of phishing. After reading that site, take the virus quiz online.
11. Describe the different threats to your computer software and hardware and identify avoidance solutions and removal solutions (as appropriate).

Threat/Type

Description

Avoidance

Removal

Research Hardware Protection

One of the greatest threats to your hardware can be electricity. It can be friend, powering your devices, or foe. Surges can wreak havoc with your system. Power “browns” (dips in power) can cause your power supply to fail if it has to compensate too often.

Go online and research the following items and describe their purpose and where you can buy them.

Device	Purpose	Vendors
Surge protector
Line conditioner
Uninterruptible power supply

Lab 2-8 Windows Update

Windows Update—The Easy Way

1. Log into Windows XP as an administrator.
2. Go under the Start menu and select Windows Update.
3. Scan for updates.
4. Install all critical updates.
5. Restart if necessary

Windows Update Catalog

Sometimes Windows Update won’t work for some reason. Often this indicates an operating system malfunction that can be fixed by applying a service pack (a collection of Windows Updates packaged together). The problem is, if you can’t run Windows Update, you often can’t apply the service pack!

When this happens your best bet is to go through Windows Update Catalog and download updates individually then run the executables individually.

1. Go to http://update.microsoft.com
2. Click on the link that says Use Administrator Options.
3. Click Search the Microsoft Download Center.
4. At the bottom you’ll see download categories. Let’s look to see if we can find any updates for an Intellitype Pro Keyboard driver.
5. Locate the driver and download it.
6. Do not install it, just save the file to show me.
7. Now go back and download the following update: Internet Explorer Service Pack 1.
8. After downloading the file and running the executable, where is the file stored? _________________________________________________________

Repeat the same with VISTA

1. What do you see in the Start Menu that’s different in Vista?

2. Are the updates different?

3. Why or why not?

4. Update Vista…what service pack are you on?

Lab 2-9: Windows 7 System File Checker Tool

Checking your system files for problems

System files are the hardest working files in your computer: they literally "drive" the computer and house the "drivers" for your mouse, printer, and monitor, among others. Every application you install has its own set of system files, so when an application stops working or won't open, there is a strong possibility that something could be wrong with its system files. These files reside in the C:\windows\system directory and usually have extensions such as .386, .COM, .DLL, .DRV, and .VXD, among others.

To Run the SFC /SCANNOW Command

1. Open a elevated command prompt. (Right click on “command” and select run as administrator.)

2. In the elevated command prompt, type sfc and press Enter. You will see a list of “switches” you can use with the SFC program. SFC stands for System File Checker.

3. Now type SFC /VERIFYONLY

4. When the scan is complete, hopefully you will see all is ok.

5. If you need to FIX anything, you can type SFC /SCANNOW and it will repair.
NOTE: If not, then you can attempt to run a System Restore using a restore point dated before the bad file occurred to fix it. You may need to repeat doing a System Restore until you find a older restore point that may work.

6. When done, close the elevated command prompt.

Questions

1. What does the SCANNOW switch do?
2. What does the VERIFYONLY switch do?
3. SFC is what?
4. What is a switch?

Lab 2-10 Using Batch Files

Suppose you have a list of OS commands that you want to execute several times. You can create them to run certain programs, map hard drives on a network, install printers automagically…and do all sorts of evil stuff. We, however, will not do evil stuff in here…will we Cody?

Batch files are simply text files created in notepad or even in the edit program in DOS. The only difference is, when you save them you save them with a .bat extension. If you then double click the file, it will run your commands.

Do this in Windows 98.

Let’s practice:

Creating a BATCH File

First open an explorer window to your c: drive, using Windows Explorer or 'my computer.' Arrange the window so you can see both your desktop and your c: drive contents.

Open the notepad application by going to 'start\all programs\accessories\notepad' or 'start\run' and type 'notepad'.

In the blank notepad window, type:

md c:\testsource
md c:\testbackup

Now go to 'file' and 'save as'.
(in case you did not read our guide to the command prompt, the 'md' command instructs the system to create a directory using a name and location following the command.)

Save your first batch file on the desktop as 'myfirstbatch.bat'.

Close notepad and you'll see that 'myfirstbatch.bat' has appeared on the desktop. Double click the file to run it. Check your c: window. The 'testsource' and 'testbackup' directories have appeared. Your first simple batch file is a success! Delete the 'myfirstbatch.bat' file from your desktop. Beautiful!

Creating your second batch file

Now to create a batch file to backup these files into your c:\testbackup directory automatically. Open up notepad and type the following:

@echo off
xcopy c:\testsource c:\testbackup /m /e /y

The '@echo off' line tells the computer not to display anything onscreen when it runs this batch file.

The second line uses the xcopy command to copy all contents of the c:\testsource' directory to c:\testbackup the first time the batch file is run. The second time and all remaining times, it will only copy new files and files which have changed since it was last run. It will not copy unchanged files which it previously copied, even if you delete the copies it made from the c:\testbackup' directory.

Now save your batch file as 'testbackup.bat' on your desktop and double click it to run the script.

Check the contents of your c:\testbackup directory. It should now have copies of the two files you created in c:\testsource. Good stuff. Now open 'testdoc1' in your c:\testsource directory and add some text then save it.

Run your testbackup.bat batch file again, and go to the 'testdoc1' file in the c:\testbackup folder. It should have been updated with the changes you made in the other folder.

You've now created a useful backup utility with a simple two-line batch file that just takes a double click to run. Starting to see the potential usefulness of knowing your batch files yet?

Third trial batch file: getting fancy

Now that we've seen some of the extra commands that can be used in batch files, let's play with one of the most powerful of them, the FOR command. In this case, we're going to alter our simple backup batch file and make it a bit more sophisticated. It's going to differentiate between two different types of files (text/Word documents and pictures) and back each file type up to a different directory. To set up for this we need to create two more directories in c:\. Call them

C:\Text
C:\Pics

Delete the existing text and .bmp files in your c:\testsource directory and create a couple of new versions of each.

Now open notepad and enter the following:

@echo off
cd c:\testsource
for %%f in (*.doc *.txt) do xcopy c:\testsource\"%%f" c:\text /m /y
for %%f in (*.jpg *.bmp *.gif) do xcopy c:\testsource\"%%f" c:\pics /m /y

Now this is a bit more complicated than the files we did before, so let's take a close look at what this batch file is going to do.

cd c:\testsource

Tells the computer that the directory we are going to be working in is c:\testsource

for %%F in (*.doc *.txt) do xcopy c:\testsource\"%%F" c:\text /m /y

This line tells the computer that FOR any file with the .doc or .txt file extension (meaning any standard Word doc or text file), DO an xcopy command to copy that file to the c:\text directory using the same options we used in the last batch file. The confusing looking '%%F' character represents the variable that the FOR command uses to carry out this operation. For example, if your first text file in the c:\testsource directory is 'texttest1.txt', the batch file would look at it, see that it had a .txt extension and assign it as the value of '%%F'. The second part of the command

do xcopy c:\testsource\"%%F" c:\text /m /y

takes whatever %%F is (in this case your 'texttest1.txt' file) and copies it to the c:\text directory. The quotation marks around %%F are to allow the command to deal with file names containing spaces. The command then loops until it has looked at every file in the current directory before moving on to the next part of the batch file.

for %%F in (*.jpg *.bmp *.gif) do xcopy c:\testsource\"%%F" c:\pics /m /y

The only thing that is different here is that we are looking for graphics file extensions instead and copying them to the 'c:\pics' directory.

Save your third batch file on the desktop as 'trickybackup.bat' and try it out. You'll see that your newest creation neatly differentiates between text documents and pictures and splits them up accordingly.

Questions:

1. What is a batch file?

2. What program should you use to create a batch file?

3. What is the three letter extension for batch files?

4. What does @echo off mean?

5. What are some other uses you can think of for batch files?

6. Now does it make sense to learn some DOS? Even if you never use the DOS OS, you can use the commands in batch files to do things.

A customer comes in with his laptop. He has a Dell Inspiron 11z, Windows Vista, and the following components:

This is what he had to say: “I think something is wrong with my notebook. When I close the lid, Vista goes to sleep or hibernates; which I hate. Well, in order for me to get back into my computer I had to push the sleep button, wait for the computer to go to sleep, and finally push the button once more to make it come alive.

This was working fine, although it was annoying, until yesterday. I pushed the button and the thing would not go to sleep. I pushed it again and waited fifteen minutes and it still had not gone to sleep. Finally I gave up and restarted.

When I restarted the computer it would only come to a black screen with a cursor in the center of the screen. The cursor would move if the mouse was moved but everything else was black. The cursor is dead center and not blinking.”

You take in the computer and need to start doing some research on what might be causing the problem.

Task One: Create a list of words that must be defined in order for the customer to understand the training.

Task Two: Develop a list of questions that must be answered before you can begin fulfilling the customer order. When you have developed this list, show it to me and in exchange I will give you the information from the customer. Note: You will not get the right answer unless you do this. Email this to the customer. You might also ask him if he has any future needs.

Task Three: Write up a short customer overview. You can’t fill your customer’s needs unless you know who you’re dealing with.

Task Four: Develop a list of current customer needs. Develop a list of future customer needs. (You did ask him if there were any other needs you might meet, didn’t you?)

Task Five: Research the problem. Describe precisely what’s going on.

Task Six: Design a complete how-to with screen shots so he can fix the problem on his own.

Task Seven: Create a spreadsheet of prices and resources. Example (obviously this has nothing to do with barcodes):

Your Company Name
12345 North Road
Anytown, USA
Component	Brand	Cost	# Items	Total	Site	Purpose
Handheld Barcode Scanner	Linear Imager	$ 595.00	1	$ 595.00	www.nationalbarcode.com	Will enable you to scan purchases
Barcode Printer	Zebra	$ 360.00	1	$ 360.00	www.nationalbarcode.com	Will enable you to print bar codes for inventory
Create A Label Software for Windows	Create-a-label	$ 137.00	1	$ 137.00	www.nationalbarcode.com	Will enable you to create the bar code labels on your Windows computer
Totals		$1,092.00	3	$1,092.00

P A picture of the device/devices (if any) you’re suggesting.

Turn In (in order, typed, using full sentences and paragraphs):

: Customer Overview

: Jargon

: Identify Customer Needs

o Current

o Future

: Identify specifically tasks to be completed and refer to the manual for steps.

: Define terminology used (jargon, technical terms)

: Price Out Solutions